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What a Private Limited Company is What you need to provide How incorporation works Ongoing compliance How it compares Common questions

What a Private Limited Company is

A private limited company is a separate legal person registered under the Companies Act, 2013. It owns property, signs contracts and sues in its own name. Shareholders put in capital and are liable only up to what they invested, while the company continues even if owners change.

Core features

At least two directors and two shareholders, up to 200 shareholders
At least one director must be an Indian resident
No minimum paid-up capital requirement
Shares cannot be offered to the public
Name ends with Private Limited

Why founders pick it

Limited liability protects personal assets
Easy to issue shares to angels and venture funds
Perpetual succession beyond any founder
Foreign investment is permitted in most sectors
Higher credibility with banks and enterprise customers

What you need to provide

PAN and Aadhaar of every director and shareholder
Passport-size photographs
Address proof such as a bank statement or utility bill
Registered office proof: rent agreement with owner NOC, or ownership paper
Latest utility bill of the office
Email and mobile number of each director
Digital signature for each director

Foreign nationals

Passport with notarised or apostilled copy
Proof of address from their country
Resident director must still be appointed in India

How incorporation works

Digital signatures and DINDirectors obtain DSCs and a Director Identification Number.
Choose and reserve a namePropose names, with the main object of your business checked for availability.
File the incorporation formsSPICe+ with its linked forms carries company details, MOA, AOA and director consents.
Registrar reviewThe ROC reviews the filing and may ask for corrections.
Certificate and registrationsYou receive your certificate with CIN, plus PAN and TAN, then open the bank account.
Commence businessFile the declaration for commencement within the prescribed time.

Ongoing compliance

Annual filings

Financial statements and annual return filed with the ROC every year.

Board and shareholder meetings

Regular board meetings and an annual general meeting.

Statutory audit

An auditor is appointed and accounts audited every year.

Tax returns

Income tax return, TDS returns and GST filings if registered.

Director KYC

Every director completes yearly KYC.

Registers and records

Statutory registers, minutes and share records are kept up to date.

Thresholds, fees and rules are set by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs and other regulators and change by notification. We confirm the current position before filing.

How it compares

	Private Ltd	LLP	OPC	Partnership	Proprietorship
Owners	2 to 200 shareholders	2 or more partners	1 member plus nominee	2 or more partners	1 person
Separate legal entity	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
Owner liability	Limited to shares	Limited to contribution	Limited to shares	Unlimited	Unlimited
Raising equity	Easy	Limited	Limited	Limited	Not possible
Compliance load	Moderate to high	Moderate	Lower than Pvt Ltd	Low	Very low

Common questions

Can one person own it?

Not as a private company, which needs at least two members. A solo founder can use a One Person Company.

Do I need a big office?

No. A registered address with valid proof is enough, and it can be a rented or residential space.

Can a foreigner be a director?

Yes, but at least one director must be an Indian resident.

How long does it take?

It depends on name approval and ROC review. We share a timeline once we see your documents.